The Nature of the Seven-Day Mitzvat Lulav

NOTE: This shiur is based on a shiur found in the sefer 'Kovetz Chiddushei Torah' – a compendium of articles by Rav Moshe Soloveitchik and the Rav.

Although the mishna provides an extensive list of characteristics that disqualify a lulav for use on Sukkot, it did not address the scope of these conditions. Do these situations invalidate a lulav for all seven days or only for the first day?

          The gemara is quite clear that the ownership requirement applies only to the first day. During the remainder of Sukkot, a borrowed lulav may be used since the Torah employed the term "lakhem" ("for you" - suggesting that one must own his lulav) specifically in the context of yom rishon - "U-lekachtem lakhem ba-yom ha-rishon."  Undoubtedly, however, there are criteria of mitzvat lulav which apply all seven days. For example, each person must perform the mitzva and cannot rely on one public performance - "lekicha le-chol echad ve-echad." In addition, each and every one of the daled minim must be taken - "daled minim me'akvin." Presumably, these halakhot (even though they, too, are derived from the word "U-lekachtem," which appears only in the context of yom rishon) apply throughout Yom Tov. Ultimately, a lulav gazul (stolen lulav) is disqualified based upon the issue of mitzva ha-ba'a ba-aveira, which clearly spans the entire Yom Tov. What is unclear from the mishna is whether the rules governing the quality of the lulav apply to all seven days of the yom tov.

          The gemara seems to address this question immediately when it exclaims, "The mishna stated these disqualifications categorically - as applying to both Yom Tov rishon and Yom Tov sheni."  However, a second gemara raises serious questions about this issue. A gemara later in Masekhet Sukka (36b) suggests that Rebbi Chanina was allowed to use a 'deficient' etrog (etrog chasser) during the final 6 days of Sukkot since the requirement of a whole etrog applies only on the first day. This statement stands in direct contradiction to the earlier gemara, on 29b, which explicitly disqualifies a dry lulav for all seven days.

The manner of resolving this issue is debated among the Rishonim. Tosafot (29b s.v. ka-pasik) establishes a machloket between the two sugyot. A similar position is adopted by the Ra'avad, in his chibbur, where he claims that the two gemarot debate the issue of whether the term "rishon" (which designates the first day as separate from the rest) qualifies the beginning of the pasuk ('U-lekachtem lakhem') or even the end of the pasuk ('peri etz hadar… '). By stretching the term rishon to the end of the pasuk, we limit almost all disqualifications to the first day – the position of the gemara on 36b. Presumably, according to the gemara on 29b, all disqualifications would apply for the entirety of Sukkot, whereas according to the gemara on 36b, none or very few of them would.

Elsewhere (29b s.v. be'inan), Tosafot distinguish between different types of criteria. Fundamental conditions (the need to take all 4 minim as well as the requirement that everyone take a lulav) apply throughout Yom Tov. The hadar concept (which is lacking in the case of a dry lulav) also extends during the entire Yom Tov. Secondary issues – such as the need to take a complete etrog - do not apply during the remainder of Yom Tov, since after the first day the entire mitzva is only de-rabanan in origin. The Rabanan did not require or were not concerned with secondary issues and only incorporated primary ones as part of their mitzva. Namely, the Yom Tov sheni leniency cited in the gemara on 36b applies to the latter days of Yom Tov OUTSIDE THE BEIT HAMIKDASH - where the mitzva only applies mi-derabanan. Rashi (36b s.v. L'rebbi Chanina) explains the contradiction in a similar manner.

The position of Tosafot – distinguishing between fundamental issues and secondary ones - is quite logical. It is clear that the amount of minim (four and no less) is crucial and should apply equally to all seven days. What is less clear is Tosafot's view of 'chasser' (an incomplete etrog). Why did the Rabanan not require a complete etrog all seven days? Presumably, the integrity of the etrog is elementary, and we would thus expect Chazal to require a complete etrog throughout the seven days. The Ran (13b in the pages of the Ri”f) suggests one approach when he claims that an etrog chasser is pasul because it lacks the quality of hadar. Since the remainder of the etrog can provide the hadar component, the deficiency is not as severe and can be overlooked during the days in which the mitzva only applies mi-derabanan. By contrast, the complete absence of hadar – namely, yavesh (dried out) - is insurmountable even during the final days of the mitzva. The Rav zt"l proposed a different approach, by which an etrog chasser is pasul because the execution of the mitzva suffers. Instead of viewing the incompleteness as an inherent problem with the item itself, Tosafot might have viewed the deficiency as ruining the completeness of the lekicha - the act of taking the arba minim. (See, for instance, the gemara on 34b which disqualifies the taking of fewer than four minim because it undermines the integrity of 'lekicha tama' - a "complete taking.") Flaws in the item itself cannot be ignored during the final 'derabanan' days of the mitzva, but factors which prevent a complete execution of the act of the mitzva (a pesul in the ma'aseh mitzva) can be overlooked during these final days.

The Ramban, too, in his Chibbur on daled minim, believes that leniencies may only apply during the final six days, during which the mitzva is only derabanan. He, however, believes that the gemara which did not tolerate leniencies even after the first day referred to the Mikdash, where the mitzva is de-oraita all seven days. In this context, absolutely no kullot (leniencies) are allowed. The gemara (36b) which tolerated leniencies refers to everywhere outside the Mikdash, where the mitzva only applies miderabanan after the first day, and hence leniencies are allowed. As opposed to Tosafot, who distinguished between different types of leniencies, the Ramban differentiated between different locations during the final six days of Sukkot.

We have examined several positions regarding lulav requirements which may be relaxed as the mitzva de-rabanan replaces the mitzva de-oraita. According to all positions, however, all the lulav requirements apply during the duration of the mitvza de-oraita. Namely, within the Mikdash – where the mitzva de-oraita extends all seven days – no leniencies are tolerated. When the gemara (36b) allowed kullot on Yom Tov sheni, it referred to the final days outside the Mikdash where the mitzva is only de-rabanan. The Rambam, however, adopts a novel position. In Hilkhot Lulav (8:9), he claims that MOST disqualifications are suspended during the final 6 days - presumably even within the Mikdash, where the mitzva remains de-oraita throughout Sukkot. Evidently, the Rambam distinguished between different levels within the mitzva de-oraita. Rav Moshe Soloveitchik explained that the mitzva in the Mikdash is of a very different sort that the basic/universal mitzva. When describing the basic mitzva, the Torah employs the term 'lekicha,' while it poses the concept of 'simcha' when describing the extended mitzva of the Mikdash. According to the Rambam, the seven-day requirement in the Mikdash is really a mitzva to create joy; the daled minim are merely the media to generate this experience. Indeed, the Yerushalmi in Sukka (3:11) actually suggests that the concept of 'simchat lulav' constitutes the primary fulfillment of simchat Yom Tov. It should also be noted that in addition to the standard mitzva of simchat Yom Tov, Sukkot enjoys a special and heightened mitzva of simcha (see especially the Rambam in Hilkhot Lulav 8:12-13). Independent support for this explanation of the Rambam can be drawn from his own formulation in his Sefer Ha-mitzvot (mitzvat asei #169) where he describes the mitzva as "taking the lulav and CELEBRATING." This perspective - according to Rav Moshe - accounts for the Rambam's relaxing the standards of lulav even during the period of the mitzva de-oraita.

An interesting question might be posed within the structure suggested by Rav Moshe in the Rambam. What relationship, if any, exists between the original mitzva of lekicha and the Mikdash-based mitzva of simcha? Presumably, within the Mikdash itself the two mitzvot can overlap or coincide. By picking up the daled minim in the Mikdash, one has fulfilled both lekicha as well as simcha. What would happen, however, if someone took daled minim at home and subsequently traveled to the Mikdash? Would he have to take daled minim a second time in order to fulfill his mitzva of simcha? This question is posed by the Chatam Sofer, who addresses the dynamic BETWEEN these two proposed types of the mitzva.