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Megillat Ester, Its 'Hidden' Message

 

                Is the Megilla a satire?  It certainly contains many strange details that beg interpretation.  But if so, why would a satire be included in the Tanach.  In the following shiur, we attempt to 'unmask' Megillat Esther by considering its historical and prophetic setting.

 

INTRODUCTION

                We begin our study with one of the most well known psukim of the Megilla:               

"Ish yehudi haya be-Shushan ha-bira ‑ u‑shmo Mordechai"  (see Esther 2:5).

                Even though this pasuk is proudly read aloud by the entire congregation, most people do not appreciate its prophetic 'sting'.  However, an ear tuned to the prophecies of Zecharya and familiar with Tanach immediately catches its irony, as:

                ish yehudi - implies more than simply someone who is Jewish;

                ha-bira - implies more than just 'the capital city'; and

                Mordechai - is not a Jewish name!

 

 *              The phrase ish yehudi is mentioned only one other time in the entire Tanach - in Sefer Zecharya 8:23.  There it describes a devout Jew in the city of Jerusalem - leading a group of non‑Jewish followers in search of God.

 

 *              the word ha-bira in Divrei Ha-yamim (see 29:1 & 29:19) is used by King David to describe specifically the bet ha-mikdash (the Temple).  Prior to the time period of Megillat Esther, the Hebrew word bira finds no other mention in Tanach.

 

 *              The name Mordechai is probably the most provocative word in the entire Megilla for it stems from the name of the Babylonian deity -Marduk (see II Kings 25:27 & Yeshayahu 39:1!).  Prior to the Babylonian exile, no one would have dared give his son such a 'goyish' name.

[This does not imply that Mordechai was assimilated, rather his name may reflect the assimilation of his generation.]

 

                And this may be only one of many psukim of the Megilla that are filled with irony and possibly satire.  Yet, if this conclusion is correct, we must explain why the Megilla would employ satire to deliver its prophetic message.  Furthermore, we must also determine more precisely what that prophetic message is, and how it relates to our celebration of Purim.

                To answer these questions, our shiur will take the following steps:

I.              Base our above assumption that the Megilla should contain a prophetic message, related to its historical setting.

II.             Review both the historical and prophetic setting of the time period of the Megilla.

III             Search for a thematic connection between this setting and the story in the Megilla, and support it with both textual and thematic parallels from other books in Tanach.

IV.            Explain why the Megilla employs this unique style.

V.             Explain how the celebration of Purim, as defined in the Megilla, relates to this theme.

 

PART I - 'HESTER PANIM'

                As every book of the Tanach contains a prophetic message, Megillat Esther should be no different.  It is commonly understood that the Megilla teaches us how to see the 'hidden hand' of God behind the events that ultimately lead to Bnei Yisrael's salvation from Haman.  Some even suggest that the Megilla's use of the name Esther (from the Hebrew verb 'lehastir' - to hide) instead of her real name - Hadassa (see 2:7) teaches us this very lesson.

                However, if the Megilla wants to show us how God saved His people, why isn't this message explicit?  Furthermore, why isn't God's Name ever mentioned?  Most every other sefer in Tanach expresses this point explicitly.  Why is Megillat Esther different?

                Furthermore, most all other seforim in Tanach explain not only how God saves Am Yisrael, but also why they are being punished.  This theme of divine retribution is explicit in the Torah in the tochachot (Vayikra 26:3-46, Devarim 11:13-17, 28:1-69, etc.) and reiterated over and over again by all of the prophets.  In fact Chazal's explanation of the name Esther reflects this very same concept:

                "Esther min ha-Torah minayin?"

                   [What is the source in Torah for the story of Esther?]

                 "ve-Anochi haster aster panai ba‑yom ha‑hu"

                   [I will surely hide my face from you on that day.]

                                                                (Devarim 31:18 / See Chullin 139b).

 

                However, if we take a closer look at that pasuk in Devarim, we find that its message is significantly different.  Rather than explaining how God 'saves' Am Yisrael in a 'hidden manner', it explains how God 'punishes' them:

"And God told Moshe, after you die... this nation will leave Me and break My covenant...And My anger will be kindled against them on that day and I will forsake them, ["ve-histarti panai"] and I will hide My face from them... and many evils and troubles shall befall them ‑ & they will say on that day, these evils are because God is not among us.

- Ve-anochi haster astir panai ba-yom ha-hu -

and I will hide My face from them on that day because of all the bad that they have done... [Therefore,]

- Write down this song and teach it to Bnei Yisrael, so that it will be My witness..." (see Devarim 31:16‑18).

 

                In these psukim, God warns Bnei Yisrael that should they betray His covenant, great evil will befall them.  Even though it may appear to Bnei Yisrael that God has left them, these psukim teach them that God only appears to be 'hiding His face' ['hester panim"] from them.  Nonetheless, Bnei Yisrael are expected to realize that their punishment is from God.  Therefore, Moshe is to teach Bnei Yisrael Shirat Ha'azinu in order that they recognize this. The shira will teach Am Yisrael to contemplate their predicament and relate their punishment to their wayward behavior.  To verify this point, simply read Shirat Ha'azinu [note especially 31:19-20.]

                Above all, Shirat Ha'azinu explains how we are to determine why we are being punished.  In that song, we are told:

                "Zechor yemot olam, binu shnot dor va‑dor..." (Devarim 32:7).

                 [Remember the days of old; consider the years of ages past.]

 

                The shira teaches us to contemplate our history, especially how and why we were chosen (see 32:8-9), in order to realize why we are being punished.  It reminds us that when something does go wrong, it is our fault, not God's (see 32:4-6!).

                Even though God may hide His face, Shirat Ha'azinu does promise that God will ultimately redeem His people, however, not necessarily because they deserve redemption.  Rather, God will have mercy on our pitiful predicament (see 32:26-27, also 32:37-38) and save us at the 'last minute'.

                Most all of the prophets deliver a very similar message.  They explain to Bnei Yisrael what they have done wrong, and hence why they are being punished.  Prophecy teaches man not only to thank God for salvation, but also to recognize his faults and correct his mistakes.

                Therefore, the Megilla should be no different, and especially because its name alludes to the pasuk in Chumash that commands us to search for a reason why we are punished.

[This supports the Gemara's question in Masechet Megilla 12a (middle) "sha'alu talmidav et Rashb"i: mipnei ma nitchayvu..."]

 

                Even though the Megilla does not provide an explicit reason for this impending punishment, this background and its name suggest that we search for a 'hidden' (or implicit) one.  To find that reason, we must consider prophetic and historical setting of that time period.

 

PART II - HISTORICAL AND PROPHETIC SETTING

                The opening psukim of the Megilla immediately point us to its time period (see 1:1-3).  Achashverosh is a Persian king who reigns from India to Ethiopia in the city of Shushan.  Considering that Cyrus (=Koresh) was the first Persian king, the story in Megillat Esther takes place during the Persian time period and thus after the time period when the Jews had an opportunity to return to Jerusalem.

                Even though there is a controversy concerning precisely which Persian King Achashverosh was, he most certainly reigned after Koresh (the first Persian king), and thus, after Yirmiyahu's seventy years were over.

[Note: If you are not familiar with this time period, it is highly recommended that you review Kings II 23:31-25:12, Ezra 1:1-10 and 3:1-4:7, and Yirmiyahu 29:1‑15.  As you read Ezra 1:1-9, note how the Jews who did not make 'aliya' were encouraged to send 'money' instead!  Seems like not much has changed in 2500 years!]

               

                For those of you unfamiliar with this time period, here is a quick overview:

                In the first year of his reign, Koresh issued his famous proclamation allowing and encouraging all of the Jews of the Persian Empire to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple.  The prophets clearly understood this historic decree as the fulfillment of Yirmiyahu's prophecy (see Ezra 1:1-9, II Divrei Ha-yamim 36:20-23).  As God had promised, the time of redemption from the Babylonian Exile had come. 

 

YIRMIYAHU'S SEVENTY YEARS

                To appreciate the prophetic importance of this opportunity, we need only quote Yirmiyahu's final message to the Babylonian Exile in regard to what was 'supposed' to happen when these seventy years were over:

"Thus said the Lord, when the 70 years are complete, I shall remember you and keep my promise to return you to this land.... [At that time.] you shall call out to Me ‑ you shall come and pray to Me ‑ and I will hear you...and you will ask for Me and find Me; if you will search for me with all your heart.  Then I will be there for you, and I shall turn away your captivity and gather you from all the nations wherein you may be dispersed... and I will return you to the land from which you were exiled ..."   (29:10-14).

                               

                According to Yirmiyahu, the return of the Exile would not be automatic.  Rather, it was God's hope that their return would be catalyzed by sincere repentance and a yearning to return.   In other words, God intended for the Babylonian Exile [as the word 'exile' implies] to be temporary.  People don't stay in 'exile' unless they are forced to be there.  Exile implies that one cannot return to his own land.  [Otherwise the translation of 'galut' would be 'diaspora' instead of 'exile' / hey, not a bad idea!]

                Note as well how Yirmiyahu's message is congruent with a primary theme of Chumash, i.e. God's desire for the Jewish people to become His 'model' nation - a vehicle through which all nations will come to recognize God (see Devarim 4:5‑8 & Shmot 19:4-6).  Recall as well that in that ideal setting, the bet ha-mikdash in Yerushalayim was to serve as a symbol of this national purpose.

[See previous shiurim on Parshiot Re'eh, Noach, and Vayetze. Recall that the mikdash is referred to as: "ha‑makom asher yivchar Hashem le‑shaken shmo sham"/ see Devarim 12:5‑14.]

 

                God's decision to destroy that Temple and exile his people was for a rehabilitative purpose.  According to Yirmiyahu, God's hope was for the Exile to 'learn its lesson' during these seventy years in Bavel.  Afterward, God hoped that the nation would be spiritually ready and anxious to return to their homeland, and to reconstruct their symbolic shrine - the Temple in Jerusalem.

                Precisely as Yirmiyahu had predicted (seventy years after Bavel had risen to power), the opportunity to return arose when the Babylonian empire fell to Koresh (= Cyrus the Great), the first king of the Persian Empire (see Yirmiyahu 25:11‑12, Ezra 1:1).

 

A MISSED OPPORTUNITY

                Unfortunately, the response of the Exile to this historic opportunity was less than enthusiastic.  A group of some forty thousand did return; however, the majority of Am Yisrael remained in Bavel.  For an insight into the tragedy of the missed opportunity we need only quote the explanation given by Rav Yehuda Ha‑Levi in Sefer Ha‑Kuzari (II.24):

"Had the entire nation enthusiastically answered the divine call to return to the Land, the idyllic prophecies of the return to Zion would have been fulfilled and the Shchina would have returned.  In reality, however, only a small portion returned.  The majority remained in Bavel, willfully accepting the exile, as they did not wish to leave their homes & businesses etc." (sounds familiar...)

 

                Even those who did return lacked enthusiasm.  The apathy of the returnees is echoed in the prophecies of Chagai and Zecharya, the prophets of this time period (see Chagai 1:1‑3; 2:3 see also Zecharya 4:10; 6:15; 7:4‑7; 8:6.

.               How does all of this relate to Megillat Esther?

                How could it not relate!

                Could the fact that Am Yisrael remained scattered among the 127 provinces of the Persian Empire, while they could have returned a generation or two earlier to Jerusalem, not relate to the prophetic message of the Megilla? 

                Considering that Yirmiyahu's seventy years are over, why are so many Jews living in Shushan and all over the Persian empire during the time period of Achashverosh?

                Could not this fact alone supply sufficient reason for God to consider Am Yisrael negligent of their covenantal responsibilities?

                With this in mind, we must now take a second look at the Megilla in search of at least a 'hint' of this theme.

 

PART III - THE THEME OF THE MEGILLA AND ITS SATIRE

                Based on this historic and prophetic setting, one could suspect that the impending destruction of Am Yisrael by Haman may be a Divine punishment for their apathy.  After all, the Jews living in the Persian empire appear to have:

  *             preferred Shushan over Yerushalayim;

  *             opted to subjugate themselves to Achashverosh rather than respond to God's call to return to their land;

*               Replaced the bet ha-mikdash with the palace of Achashverosh!

                                                ["ve-nahafoch hu"]

                Even though this prophetic message is not explicit in the Megilla, we will now show how it may be hidden in its satire.

[Note: Before we continue, it is important to clarify a problematic issue.  We are about to relate many elements in the story of the Megilla to a satiric commentary on Persian Jewry.  This does not mean that these events did not actually occur.  The story of the Megilla is true and based on historic facts.  However, its prophetic message is conveyed through the use of literary tools, such as satire and irony.  Often, criticism is more poignant when delivered implicitly rather than explicitly.  (Lehavdil, take for example George Orwell's criticism of the Russian revolution in 'Animal Farm'.)]

 

TEXTUAL AND THEMATIC SUPPORT

                For a start, we will bring two examples where there appears to be an 'echo' of God's voice behind certain statements in the Megilla.

                For example, the story of Vashti may reflect God's utter disappointment with Am Yisrael for not returning to Israel to fulfill their divine purpose, to become God's 'model' nation:

"[Vashti was called to] come to the king and show all the nations her beauty... but she did not come as the King commanded, and he became very angry..." (see Esther 1:9-12).

 

                Is not Vashti's behavior similar to that of Am Yisrael?  Is not the King's conclusion similar to God's?  Is not the fear that all the women in the Persian kingdom will now disobey their husbands ironic?  If Am Yisrael (destined to be an 'or la-goyim') does not respond to its divine call, what could God expect from other nations?

[Note that in earlier prophecy, Am Yisrael is often compared to God's wife - see Hoshea 2:4,16-18.  See also Zecharya 1:1-3, note 'shuvu eilai...' and 'va-yiktzof', compare 1:12.]

 

                Furthermore, who is the real king in the Megilla?  Chazal raise the possibility that the word 'ha‑melech' [the King] in the Megilla may be 'kodesh', as it often [in a hidden manner] may be referring to God and not to Achashverosh.

                Even Haman's petition to Achashverosh to destroy Am Yisrael may echo a similar complaint that God may have against His own nation:

"There is a certain nation scattered among the nations whose laws are different than any other nation, but the laws of the King they do not keep, and it is not worthwhile for the King to leave them be" (3:8).

 

                In a certain way, Haman's accusation is similar to God's threat in Shirat Ha'azinu to destroy am Yisrael for not keeping His laws (32:26).  After all, what purpose is there for God to keep His people if they refuse to obey Him and fulfill their divine goal?

 

                Even though these first two examples may appear a bit 'stretched', a more convincing textual proof is found in the parallel between Achashverosh's palace and the bet mikdash.  This parallel is significant for it reflects the fact the Bnei Yisrael had neglected the bet ha-mikdash in Yerushalayim, preferring instead to be dependent on the palace of Achashverosh.  We begin by comparing the overall structure of each:

 

KODESH KODASHIM - CHATZER PNIMIT

                The Megilla refers to the most inner chamber of the king's palace as the 'chatzer ha‑pnimit' (5:1), where entry to anyone is forbidden under threat of death - unless called to enter (as Esther feared in 4:11).  Here we find an obvious parallel to the kodesh ha-kodashim in the mikdash (Purim - kippurim!).

 

KODESH - CHATZER CHITZONA

                The 'waiting area' outside the inner chamber is called the 'chatzer ha-chitzona' (6:4).  Here 'ro'ei pnei ha-melech' (1:14) like Haman himself are allowed to enter freely.  This is parallel to the kodesh where kohanim are permitted to enter.

                                [See description of the Temple in Yechezkel 40:18‑19.]

 

AZARA - SHA'AR BET HA-MELECH

                In front of the palace is 'sha'ar bet ha-melech' where people like Mordechai are permitted to stand (2:18,21).  However, here one must dress properly ('aveilut' is not permitted), therefore he cannot be there dressed in sackcloth (see 4:2!).  This area is parallel to the azara in the mikdash.

 

YERUSHALAYIM - REHOV HA-IR SHUSHAN

                This is the area 'lifnei sha'ar ha-melech' (4:2) or 'rechov ha-ir' (4:6) where Mordechai can dress in sackcloth.  This is parallel to the city of Yerushalayim surrounding the mikdash.

 

                This parallel is strengthened by the Megilla's use of the word bira to describe Shushan.  As we explained in our introduction, in Divrei Ha-yamim, the only other time in Tanach prior to Megillat Esther where this word is mentioned, bira describes specifically the bet ha-mikdash, and in the context of its purpose to serve as a national center and symbol of God's Name.  [See DH I 29:1 & 19, you should read from 29:1-25 to see the context.  (You'll find there a familiar passage from davening, which maybe you will now understand a little better.)]

[See also Masechet Middot I:9, where the Mishna refers to the bet ha-mikdash as the bira.]

 

                Other parallels to mikdash are found in the use of key words such as 'yekar ve‑tif'eret' (1:4); 'tekhelet, butz, ve‑argaman' (1:6) in the Megilla's description of the king's party.

[Based on these psukim, the gemara (Megilla 12a) claims that Achashverosh donned the 'bigdei kohen gadol' at his party!]

 

                Even the 6‑month party followed by a seven-day special celebration may parallel the six months that it took to build the mishkan (from Yom Kippur till Rosh Chodesh Nissan) followed by the seven-day 'milu'im' ceremony.  Likewise, Chazal explain, 've‑keilim mi‑keilim shonim' (1:7) as referring to the vessels of the bet ha‑mikdash.

                Chazal even suggest that Haman's decree may have been Am Yisrael's punishment for drinking from these keilim or alternately for their participation in and enjoyment of the royal party (see Megilla 12a).

[Note that according to pshat, the keilim had returned with Sheshbatzar during the time of Koresh (see Ezra 1:7-8).  However, the Midrash emphasizes the thematic connection between the party and Bnei Yisrael's lack of enthusiasm to build the mikdash.]

 

                Hence we can conclude that the Megilla's satire suggests that during this time period Am Yisrael had replaced:

 *              God with Achashverosh;

 *              God's Temple with Achashverosh's palace; and

 *              Yerushalayim ha‑bira with Shushan ha‑bira! ['ve-nahafoch hu']

 

70 DAYS / 70 YEARS

                Another seemingly unimportant detail in the Megilla concerning when the two decrees were sent might also allude to this prophetic backdrop.

                Recall that the original decree calling for the destruction of the Jews was sent out on the 13th day of Nisan (3:12).  Several days later Haman was hanged and Esther pleaded from the king to repeal this decree (8:3‑6).  Achashverosh agreed; however, the actual letters were not sent out until the 23rd of Sivan - some two months later (8:9)!  What took so long?

                By carefully comparing these two dates, we again find an amazing reminder of Yirmiyahu's prophecy of the seventy years.  Between the 13th of Nisan until the 23rd of Sivan - 70 days elapsed (17+30+23).  During these seventy days, all of the Jews throughout the Persian empire were under the tremendous peril of impending destruction, thinking that their doom was inevitable.  Could this be an ironic reminder to the Jewish people that they had not heeded Yirmiyahu's prophecy of what he expected from Bnei Yisrael once the seventy years had expired (see 29:10-14!)?

 

                A similar concept of suffering for a sin, a day for a year (and vice versa), is found twice in Tanach in related circumstances.  After the sin of the 'meraglim', the forty days are replaced by the punishment of forty years of wandering.  Here, too, the nation opted not to fulfill their divine destiny, preferring a return to Egypt to the conquest of Eretz Yisrael.  Yechezkel, too, is required to suffer 'a day for each year.'

[For 390 days followed by an additional 40 days, he must lie on his side and repent for the sins of Israel and Yehuda that led to the destruction of Yerushalayim (Yechezkel 4:1‑14!)].

 

                A similar claim is made by the Midrash which suggests that Achashverosh threw his 180 day party in celebration of the fact that Yirmiyahu's seventy years were over and the bet ha‑mikdash was not rebuilt.  In pshat, this explanation is unreasonable.  Why should the most powerful king of civilization worry about the prophecies of Yirmiyahu, while the Jews themselves do not listen to him?

However, on the level of drash, this explanation is enlightening.  Chazal, in the spirit of the Megilla ‑ 've‑nahafoch hu' - put into Achashverosh's mind what should have been in the mind of Am Yisrael, i.e. the fulfillment of Yirmiyahu's prophecy of seventy years and the desire to return.

 

PESACH AND PURIM

                Based on our understanding thus far, it is also understandable why Israel's salvation from Haman's decree comes only after Am Yisrael collectively accept a three day fast.  This fast takes place on the 15,16, & 17th of Nisan.  Interestingly enough, the events that led to the repeal of Haman's decree take place 'davka' during the holiday of Pesach - the holiday on which we celebrate our freedom from subjugation to a foreign nation and the beginning of our journey to the Promised Land.

 

 

PART IV -  WHY SATIRE?

                We have shown that the Megilla is laced with allusions to the fact that Am Yisrael does not answer its divine call during the Persian time period.  But the question remains, why is this message only hinted at but not explicitly stated by Chazal?  Most probably for the same reason that it is not explicit in the Megilla. 

This is the power of satire.  In order to strengthen the message, a powerful point is not explicitly stated, but only alluded to.  The direct approach used by the other 48 nevi'im of Tanach had not been very successful.

[See Masechet Megilla 14a (top) - "gedola hasarat ha‑taba'at shel Haman yoter mi‑48 nevi'im..."!]

 

                One could suggest that Anshei Knesset Ha‑gdola, in their decision to write (see Bava Batra 15a] (and later canonize) Megillat Esther, had hoped that a satirical message would be more powerful than a direct one.  Hence, Midrashim of Chazal that comment on the Megilla may follow a similar approach.

[Note how the prophet Natan's message to David ha-melech in regard to his sin with Bat-sheva was much more powerful because he used the 'mashal' of kivsat ha-rash" (see II Shmuel 12:1-7!).]

 

PART V - THE MINHAGIM  OF PURIM

                Up until this point we have explained how the satire in the Megilla may reflect a prophetic censure of Am Yisrael in Bavel for not returning to Yerushalayim when the opportunity arose during the time of Koresh.  However, if our assumptions are indeed correct, then we would expect the outcome of the Megilla, or at least the celebration of Purim for future generations to reflect this theme.

                Instead, we don't find any 'mass aliya' movement after our salvation.  Nor does the celebration of Purim (with 'mishteh' and sending 'mishloach manot') appear to reflect this theme in any manner.

                However, with a 'little help' from the prophecies of Zecharya, we can suggest an answer for these questions as well.  To do so, we must first identify who the specific Persian King Achashverosh was.

 

SOME MORE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

                The topic of the history of the Persian time period is very complicated and the subject of a major controversy between most Midrashei Chazal and the historians (& a minority opinion in Chazal).  To explain this controversy is beyond the scope of this shiur, instead we will simply present the two conflicting opinions concerning when Achashverosh reigned.

 

                According to Seder Olam (and hence the majority opinion in Chazal), Achashverosh was the Persian King immediately after Koresh, but before Daryavesh, and thus the story of the Megilla takes place after 'shivat tzion' (the return to Zion during the time of Koresh) but before the second bet ha-mikdash is actually built.

                According to this opinion, the events of the Megilla had a tremendous affect on the situation in Yerushalayim.  Only two years after the story of Megilla, King Darius, son of Esther gives the Jews permission to return and build the Second Temple.  Construction began during the second year of Darius (= Daryavesh).

                The events of the Megilla also appear to have catalyzed a major aliya movement.  According to Chazal, Ezra's aliya from Bavel took place only a few years afterward, during the seventh year of his reign of Daryavesh (who Chazal identify with Artachshasta / see Ezra 7:1-9).

                Thus, according to Seder Olam's opinion, the events of the Megilla indeed had a major effect on the rebuilding of the Temple and shivat tzion - the return to Zion.

 

                According to most historians (and a minority opinion in Chazal / see Tirgum ha-shiv'im & Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer chapter 49), Achashverosh was the Persian king who succeeded Darius (486 - 465 BCE), and thus the story of the Megilla takes place some forty years after the second Temple was built, and thus after Chagai & Zecharya's plea to return and fulfill the potential of Bayit Sheni.  [Its construction began in 521 BCE / in the second year of Darius the Great; hence the story in the Megilla takes place in 474 BCE.]

                According to this opinion, no major event takes place immediately after the events in the Megilla.  In fact, over two decades pass before a new wave of olim come with Ezra and Nechemya to help strengthen the city of Yerushalayim.  [The historians identify Artachshasta with Artexerxes, not the same king as Darius.]

                If our assumption concerning the satire of the Megilla is correct, why don't we find a mass aliya movement immediately after the miracle of Purim.  [Jews of the twentieth century could ask themselves a similar question!]

 

                Furthermore, according to either opinion, shouldn't the manner by which we celebrate Purim relate to this theme and satire?

                Finally, why is it necessary to celebrate Purim for all generations?  Purim is not the only time in our history when Bnei Yisrael are saved from terrible enemies.  Chazal go even one step further.  They claim that Purim will be the only holiday kept at the time of the final redemption!  (See Rambam Hilchot Megilla, Esther 9:28 and commentaries).

 

THE MEGILLA AND SEFER ZECHARYA

                If we follow the opinion of the 'historians' in regard to the time period of Megillat Esther, then the prophecies of Zecharya concerning the potential of Bayit Sheni precede the story in the Megilla.  If so, then we posit that numerous textual parallels between the Megilla and Sefer Zecharya are intentional.  In other words, when 'anshei knesset ha-gedola' wrote Megillat Esther (most likely during the time period of Ezra / see Bava Batra 15a), they assumed that anyone reading the Megilla was familiar with Sefer Zecharya, and hence would understand the implicit meaning of these parallels.

                We will now show how the Megilla may suggest that Am Yisrael's predicament during the time period of Achashverosh was caused because of Zecharya's prophecies (a generation earlier) were not taken seriously!  To appreciate this message, we must study Zecharya chapters 7‑>8.

 

                For a background, review the first six chapters of Sefer Zecharya, noting how they focus on one primary theme ‑ the return of the Shchina to Yerushalayim.  However, Zecharya warns numerous times that the Shchina's return will be a function of Am Yisrael's covenantal commitment (see 6:15).  Redemption is indeed possible; however, Zecharya insists that the 'spiritual' return of Am Yisrael was no less important than their physical return:

                "Shuvu eilai.. ve‑ashuva aleichem" (1:3, see also 8:7-8).

[It is highly suggested that you read at least the first two chapters of Zecharya (note 'hadassim' and 'ish rochev al sus' in chapter 1, and 'prazot teshev Yerushalayim' in chapter 2) and then chapters 7-8 before continuing.]

 

SHOULD WE FAST ON TISHA BE-AV?

                According to Chagai 2:18, construction of the Temple began on this same year, i.e. during the second year of Daryavesh.  Zecharya chapter seven opens two years later when an official delegation from Bavel arrives in Jerusalem to ask Zecharya a very fundamental question:

"Ha‑evkeh be‑chodesh ha‑chamishi?"  Should we continue to fast in the 5th month (i.e. the fast of Tisha Be-av)?  (see 7:3)

 

                The question appears to be quite legitimate.  After all, now that the Temple is rebuilt, there no longer appears to be a need to fast.   However, Zecharya's lengthy and official reply (7:4‑8:23) to this question contains an eternal message that relates to the very nature of the ideal redemption process.

                In Zecharya 7:4-7, God appears to be quite disturbed by the people's question regarding the need to fast.  Instead of showing their interest in the greater picture of the redemption process, the people seem only to be interested in whether or not they have to fast.  In the eyes of the prophet, their question reflected a general attitude problem in regard to the entire redemption process.

                God's answer implies that the fast of Tisha Be-av is not a divine commandment - rather it was a 'minhag' instituted by Chazal to remember not only the Temple's destruction, but also the reason why the churban took place (see 7:5-6).  Thus, God explains, feasting or fasting is man's decision, while God is interested in something much more basic - that Bnei Yisrael keep the mitzvot which they had neglected during the first Temple period (see 7:5-14).

                Zecharya continues his answer with two chapters of 'musar' (rebuke) in which he emphasizes the most basic mitzvot that Bnei Yisrael must keep in order for the Shchina to return:

"EMET u‑mishpat shalom shiftu be‑sha'areichem, ve‑chesed ve‑rachamim asu ish et achiv.  Almana, ve‑yatom ve‑ani al ta'ashoku..." (7:8‑10).

- Truth, social justice, helping the poor and needy, and thinking kindly of one's neighbor, etc.

 

                God is anxious for His Shchina to return, but in order for that to happen, Yerushalayim must first become a city characterized by truth (8:1‑3).  God foresees the return the exiles from lands in the east and west.  With their return, God and His nation will become once again covenantal partners, through "emet & tzedaka" (see 8:7‑8).

                Finally, after many words of encouragement and repeated 'musar' (see 8:11‑17), God finally answers the original question concerning the fast days.  Should Am Yisrael return to Israel and keep "emet ve‑shalom, the four fast days commemorating the destruction of Yerushalayim will become holidays:

"tzom ha-rvii, v'tzom ha'chamishi... [The four fast days] will be instead for Yehuda days of celebration... [on the condition that] they will love emet & shalom" (see 8:18‑19 / note parallel to Megilla 9:30-31!)

 

                After two chapters of rebuke, Zecharya finally answers the people's original question.  Should Bnei Yisrael indeed show their devotion to God, i.e. if they practice 'emet u‑mishpat shalom', then the fast days, the days of crying for Jerusalem, will become holidays instead.

                Should Bnei Yisrael indeed love keeping emet & shalom (these two words simply summarize the primary points raised by Zecharya in this perek), then the redemption process will be complete. 

 

ISH YEHUDI

                Zecharya concludes this prophecy with his vision of numerous people from many great nations will one day come to Yerushalayim in search of God.  They will gather around the ish yehudi, asking for his guidance, for they will have heard that God is with His people (8:20‑23).

                Had Am Yisrael heeded this prophetic call in the time of Koresh and Daryavesh, then they would not have been scattered among 127 provinces during the time of Achashverosh.  One could suggest that instead of celebrating with the Persians at the party in Shushan, the Jews could (& should) have been celebrating with God at His bet ha-mikdash in Yerushalayim.

                The ish yehudi would have been in the bira in Yerushalayim, making God's Name known to other nations; instead, the Megilla opens as an ish yehudi is found in the bira of Achashverosh in Shushan, ironically carrying the name of foreign god.

[One could also suggest that Mordechai's institution of the yearly celebration of Purim relates specifically to this prophecy.  First of all, note how this day is described as one that turns around from 'yagon' to 'simcha', from 'mourning to holiday' (see Esther 9:22).  Purim may symbolize the manner in which the fast days for Jerusalem will one day become holidays.]

 

                This parallel to Zecharya could explain the reason for the special mitzvot that Mordechai instituted for Purim in his first letter (see 9:20-22).  They reflect Zecharya's repeated message of helping the needy (matanot le‑evyonim/ note 7:10) and thinking nicely of one's neighbors (mishloach manot ish le‑re'eihu / note 8:16-17!).  Once a year we must remind ourselves of the most basic mitzvot that we must keep in order that we become worthy of returning to Yerushalayim and rebuilding the Bet ha'mikdash.

 

                Certain halachot instituted by Chazal may reflect this message.  Interestingly, Shushan Purim is replaced with Yerushalayim Purim for the walled cities from the time of Yehoshua bin Nun replace the walled city of Shushan!  [See Yehoshua 21:42 and its context, compare to Esther 9:2.]

 

SHALOM VE-EMET

                Although this explanation for certain minhagim of Purim may seem a bit 'stretched', textual proof is found in the closing psukim of the Megilla (9:29‑32 / read it carefully!).

                Mordechai and Esther need to send out a second 'igeret' (letter) explaining and giving authority ('tokef') to the minhagim of Purim explained in the first igeret.  What was the content of this special second letter?  To our surprise, one short phrase:

                "Divrei shalom ve‑emet"!  [See 9:30, read carefully.]

 

                These two key words point us directly back to Zecharya's prophecy about the fast days becoming holidays (read Zecharya 8:18-19 again)!  They explain not only when, but also why the fast days will become holidays - i.e. if Bnei Yisrael keep shalom and emet!  The second igeret may simply be an explanation of the purpose of the minhagim of Purim ‑ Mordechai and Esther use this letter to explain to Am Yisrael why Purim has been established - a yearly reminder of the prophecies of Zecharya which remain unfulfilled.

 

                The continuation of this igeret strengthens this interpretation.  Under what authority (tokef) does Mordechai institute these halachot?

"Ka'asher kiymu al nafsham divrei ha‑tzomot ve‑za'akatam" (9:31)  [Compare these psukim carefully to Zecharya 8:18‑19.]

 

                Recall, God had told Zecharya that fast days and feast days are up to man to decide.  Now, according to the second igeret, just like ('ka'asher') the prophets instituted four fast days in order that we remember Yerushalayim, Mordechai institutes a 'feast day' to remember Yerushalayim.

[Note that this pasuk cannot be referring to our Ta'anit Esther, for if it refers to the three day fast, that fast was a one time event and was not "al nafsham ve-al zar'am".  Likewise, it cannot be the fast of the 13th of Adar, as that custom only began during the time period of the Ge'onim.  Therefore, it must refer to the four fast days on Jerusalem.]

 

                So why didn't everyone return immediately afterward to Israel?

                Most probably, after the events of the Megilla, a mass return to Yerushalayim was not realistic.  Nonetheless, Mordechai wanted to institute a holiday that would remind Am Yisrael that should such an opportunity arise (once again), that they will know how to relate to it properly.  Sefer Zecharya and its theme of shalom ve-emet serve as the spiritual guide.

[This interpretation may help explain why the celebration of Purim will remain even after our final redemption.]

 

                 Purim, therefore, has deep meaning for all generations.  Its message may have been 'hiding' behind the costumes, the drinking ("ad de‑lo yada"), the 'purim Torah', and 'shalach mannos'.  It may have been lost within our ignorance of Tanach.  Its message, however, remains eternal, just as our aspirations for Yerushalayim and the establishment therein of a just society - remain eternal.

 

purim sameiach,

 

menachem

 

                Is the Megilla a satire?  It certainly contains many strange details that beg interpretation.  But if so, why would a satire be included in the Tanach.  In the following shiur, we attempt to 'unmask' Megillat Esther by considering its historical and prophetic setting.

 

INTRODUCTION

                We begin our study with one of the most well known psukim of the Megilla:               

"Ish yehudi haya be-Shushan ha-bira ‑ u‑shmo Mordechai"  (see Esther 2:5).

                Even though this pasuk is proudly read aloud by the entire congregation, most people do not appreciate its prophetic 'sting'.  However, an ear tuned to the prophecies of Zecharya and familiar with Tanach immediately catches its irony, as:

                ish yehudi - implies more than simply someone who is Jewish;

                ha-bira - implies more than just 'the capital city'; and

                Mordechai - is not a Jewish name!

 

 *              The phrase ish yehudi is mentioned only one other time in the entire Tanach - in Sefer Zecharya 8:23.  There it describes a devout Jew in the city of Jerusalem - leading a group of non‑Jewish followers in search of God.

 

 *              the word ha-bira in Divrei Ha-yamim (see 29:1 & 29:19) is used by King David to describe specifically the bet ha-mikdash (the Temple).  Prior to the time period of Megillat Esther, the Hebrew word bira finds no other mention in Tanach.

 

 *              The name Mordechai is probably the most provocative word in the entire Megilla for it stems from the name of the Babylonian deity -Marduk (see II Kings 25:27 & Yeshayahu 39:1!).  Prior to the Babylonian exile, no one would have dared give his son such a 'goyish' name.

[This does not imply that Mordechai was assimilated, rather his name may reflect the assimilation of his generation.]

 

                And this may be only one of many psukim of the Megilla that are filled with irony and possibly satire.  Yet, if this conclusion is correct, we must explain why the Megilla would employ satire to deliver its prophetic message.  Furthermore, we must also determine more precisely what that prophetic message is, and how it relates to our celebration of Purim.

                To answer these questions, our shiur will take the following steps:

I.              Base our above assumption that the Megilla should contain a prophetic message, related to its historical setting.

II.             Review both the historical and prophetic setting of the time period of the Megilla.

III             Search for a thematic connection between this setting and the story in the Megilla, and support it with both textual and thematic parallels from other books in Tanach.

IV.            Explain why the Megilla employs this unique style.

V.             Explain how the celebration of Purim, as defined in the Megilla, relates to this theme.

 

PART I - 'HESTER PANIM'

                As every book of the Tanach contains a prophetic message, Megillat Esther should be no different.  It is commonly understood that the Megilla teaches us how to see the 'hidden hand' of God behind the events that ultimately lead to Bnei Yisrael's salvation from Haman.  Some even suggest that the Megilla's use of the name Esther (from the Hebrew verb 'lehastir' - to hide) instead of her real name - Hadassa (see 2:7) teaches us this very lesson.

                However, if the Megilla wants to show us how God saved His people, why isn't this message explicit?  Furthermore, why isn't God's Name ever mentioned?  Most every other sefer in Tanach expresses this point explicitly.  Why is Megillat Esther different?

                Furthermore, most all other seforim in Tanach explain not only how God saves Am Yisrael, but also why they are being punished.  This theme of divine retribution is explicit in the Torah in the tochachot (Vayikra 26:3-46, Devarim 11:13-17, 28:1-69, etc.) and reiterated over and over again by all of the prophets.  In fact Chazal's explanation of the name Esther reflects this very same concept:

                "Esther min ha-Torah minayin?"

                   [What is the source in Torah for the story of Esther?]

                 "ve-Anochi haster aster panai ba‑yom ha‑hu"

                   [I will surely hide my face from you on that day.]

                                                                (Devarim 31:18 / See Chullin 139b).

 

                However, if we take a closer look at that pasuk in Devarim, we find that its message is significantly different.  Rather than explaining how God 'saves' Am Yisrael in a 'hidden manner', it explains how God 'punishes' them:

"And God told Moshe, after you die... this nation will leave Me and break My covenant...And My anger will be kindled against them on that day and I will forsake them, ["ve-histarti panai"] and I will hide My face from them... and many evils and troubles shall befall them ‑ & they will say on that day, these evils are because God is not among us.

- Ve-anochi haster astir panai ba-yom ha-hu -

and I will hide My face from them on that day because of all the bad that they have done... [Therefore,]

- Write down this song and teach it to Bnei Yisrael, so that it will be My witness..." (see Devarim 31:16‑18).

 

                In these psukim, God warns Bnei Yisrael that should they betray His covenant, great evil will befall them.  Even though it may appear to Bnei Yisrael that God has left them, these psukim teach them that God only appears to be 'hiding His face' ['hester panim"] from them.  Nonetheless, Bnei Yisrael are expected to realize that their punishment is from God.  Therefore, Moshe is to teach Bnei Yisrael Shirat Ha'azinu in order that they recognize this. The shira will teach Am Yisrael to contemplate their predicament and relate their punishment to their wayward behavior.  To verify this point, simply read Shirat Ha'azinu [note especially 31:19-20.]

                Above all, Shirat Ha'azinu explains how we are to determine why we are being punished.  In that song, we are told:

                "Zechor yemot olam, binu shnot dor va‑dor..." (Devarim 32:7).

                 [Remember the days of old; consider the years of ages past.]

 

                The shira teaches us to contemplate our history, especially how and why we were chosen (see 32:8-9), in order to realize why we are being punished.  It reminds us that when something does go wrong, it is our fault, not God's (see 32:4-6!).

                Even though God may hide His face, Shirat Ha'azinu does promise that God will ultimately redeem His people, however, not necessarily because they deserve redemption.  Rather, God will have mercy on our pitiful predicament (see 32:26-27, also 32:37-38) and save us at the 'last minute'.

                Most all of the prophets deliver a very similar message.  They explain to Bnei Yisrael what they have done wrong, and hence why they are being punished.  Prophecy teaches man not only to thank God for salvation, but also to recognize his faults and correct his mistakes.

                Therefore, the Megilla should be no different, and especially because its name alludes to the pasuk in Chumash that commands us to search for a reason why we are punished.

[This supports the Gemara's question in Masechet Megilla 12a (middle) "sha'alu talmidav et Rashb"i: mipnei ma nitchayvu..."]

 

                Even though the Megilla does not provide an explicit reason for this impending punishment, this background and its name suggest that we search for a 'hidden' (or implicit) one.  To find that reason, we must consider prophetic and historical setting of that time period.

 

PART II - HISTORICAL AND PROPHETIC SETTING

                The opening psukim of the Megilla immediately point us to its time period (see 1:1-3).  Achashverosh is a Persian king who reigns from India to Ethiopia in the city of Shushan.  Considering that Cyrus (=Koresh) was the first Persian king, the story in Megillat Esther takes place during the Persian time period and thus after the time period when the Jews had an opportunity to return to Jerusalem.

                Even though there is a controversy concerning precisely which Persian King Achashverosh was, he most certainly reigned after Koresh (the first Persian king), and thus, after Yirmiyahu's seventy years were over.

[Note: If you are not familiar with this time period, it is highly recommended that you review Kings II 23:31-25:12, Ezra 1:1-10 and 3:1-4:7, and Yirmiyahu 29:1‑15.  As you read Ezra 1:1-9, note how the Jews who did not make 'aliya' were encouraged to send 'money' instead!  Seems like not much has changed in 2500 years!]

               

                For those of you unfamiliar with this time period, here is a quick overview:

                In the first year of his reign, Koresh issued his famous proclamation allowing and encouraging all of the Jews of the Persian Empire to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the Temple.  The prophets clearly understood this historic decree as the fulfillment of Yirmiyahu's prophecy (see Ezra 1:1-9, II Divrei Ha-yamim 36:20-23).  As God had promised, the time of redemption from the Babylonian Exile had come. 

 

YIRMIYAHU'S SEVENTY YEARS

                To appreciate the prophetic importance of this opportunity, we need only quote Yirmiyahu's final message to the Babylonian Exile in regard to what was 'supposed' to happen when these seventy years were over:

"Thus said the Lord, when the 70 years are complete, I shall remember you and keep my promise to return you to this land.... [At that time.] you shall call out to Me ‑ you shall come and pray to Me ‑ and I will hear you...and you will ask for Me and find Me; if you will search for me with all your heart.  Then I will be there for you, and I shall turn away your captivity and gather you from all the nations wherein you may be dispersed... and I will return you to the land from which you were exiled ..."   (29:10-14).

                               

                According to Yirmiyahu, the return of the Exile would not be automatic.  Rather, it was God's hope that their return would be catalyzed by sincere repentance and a yearning to return.   In other words, God intended for the Babylonian Exile [as the word 'exile' implies] to be temporary.  People don't stay in 'exile' unless they are forced to be there.  Exile implies that one cannot return to his own land.  [Otherwise the translation of 'galut' would be 'diaspora' instead of 'exile' / hey, not a bad idea!]

                Note as well how Yirmiyahu's message is congruent with a primary theme of Chumash, i.e. God's desire for the Jewish people to become His 'model' nation - a vehicle through which all nations will come to recognize God (see Devarim 4:5‑8 & Shmot 19:4-6).  Recall as well that in that ideal setting, the bet ha-mikdash in Yerushalayim was to serve as a symbol of this national purpose.

[See previous shiurim on Parshiot Re'eh, Noach, and Vayetze. Recall that the mikdash is referred to as: "ha‑makom asher yivchar Hashem le‑shaken shmo sham"/ see Devarim 12:5‑14.]

 

                God's decision to destroy that Temple and exile his people was for a rehabilitative purpose.  According to Yirmiyahu, God's hope was for the Exile to 'learn its lesson' during these seventy years in Bavel.  Afterward, God hoped that the nation would be spiritually ready and anxious to return to their homeland, and to reconstruct their symbolic shrine - the Temple in Jerusalem.

                Precisely as Yirmiyahu had predicted (seventy years after Bavel had risen to power), the opportunity to return arose when the Babylonian empire fell to Koresh (= Cyrus the Great), the first king of the Persian Empire (see Yirmiyahu 25:11‑12, Ezra 1:1).

 

A MISSED OPPORTUNITY

                Unfortunately, the response of the Exile to this historic opportunity was less than enthusiastic.  A group of some forty thousand did return; however, the majority of Am Yisrael remained in Bavel.  For an insight into the tragedy of the missed opportunity we need only quote the explanation given by Rav Yehuda Ha‑Levi in Sefer Ha‑Kuzari (II.24):

"Had the entire nation enthusiastically answered the divine call to return to the Land, the idyllic prophecies of the return to Zion would have been fulfilled and the Shchina would have returned.  In reality, however, only a small portion returned.  The majority remained in Bavel, willfully accepting the exile, as they did not wish to leave their homes & businesses etc." (sounds familiar...)

 

                Even those who did return lacked enthusiasm.  The apathy of the returnees is echoed in the prophecies of Chagai and Zecharya, the prophets of this time period (see Chagai 1:1‑3; 2:3 see also Zecharya 4:10; 6:15; 7:4‑7; 8:6.

.               How does all of this relate to Megillat Esther?

                How could it not relate!

                Could the fact that Am Yisrael remained scattered among the 127 provinces of the Persian Empire, while they could have returned a generation or two earlier to Jerusalem, not relate to the prophetic message of the Megilla? 

                Considering that Yirmiyahu's seventy years are over, why are so many Jews living in Shushan and all over the Persian empire during the time period of Achashverosh?

                Could not this fact alone supply sufficient reason for God to consider Am Yisrael negligent of their covenantal responsibilities?

                With this in mind, we must now take a second look at the Megilla in search of at least a 'hint' of this theme.

 

PART III - THE THEME OF THE MEGILLA AND ITS SATIRE

                Based on this historic and prophetic setting, one could suspect that the impending destruction of Am Yisrael by Haman may be a Divine punishment for their apathy.  After all, the Jews living in the Persian empire appear to have:

  *             preferred Shushan over Yerushalayim;

  *             opted to subjugate themselves to Achashverosh rather than respond to God's call to return to their land;

*               Replaced the bet ha-mikdash with the palace of Achashverosh!

                                                ["ve-nahafoch hu"]

                Even though this prophetic message is not explicit in the Megilla, we will now show how it may be hidden in its satire.

[Note: Before we continue, it is important to clarify a problematic issue.  We are about to relate many elements in the story of the Megilla to a satiric commentary on Persian Jewry.  This does not mean that these events did not actually occur.  The story of the Megilla is true and based on historic facts.  However, its prophetic message is conveyed through the use of literary tools, such as satire and irony.  Often, criticism is more poignant when delivered implicitly rather than explicitly.  (Lehavdil, take for example George Orwell's criticism of the Russian revolution in 'Animal Farm'.)]

 

TEXTUAL AND THEMATIC SUPPORT

                For a start, we will bring two examples where there appears to be an 'echo' of God's voice behind certain statements in the Megilla.

                For example, the story of Vashti may reflect God's utter disappointment with Am Yisrael for not returning to Israel to fulfill their divine purpose, to become God's 'model' nation:

"[Vashti was called to] come to the king and show all the nations her beauty... but she did not come as the King commanded, and he became very angry..." (see Esther 1:9-12).

 

                Is not Vashti's behavior similar to that of Am Yisrael?  Is not the King's conclusion similar to God's?  Is not the fear that all the women in the Persian kingdom will now disobey their husbands ironic?  If Am Yisrael (destined to be an 'or la-goyim') does not respond to its divine call, what could God expect from other nations?

[Note that in earlier prophecy, Am Yisrael is often compared to God's wife - see Hoshea 2:4,16-18.  See also Zecharya 1:1-3, note 'shuvu eilai...' and 'va-yiktzof', compare 1:12.]

 

                Furthermore, who is the real king in the Megilla?  Chazal raise the possibility that the word 'ha‑melech' [the King] in the Megilla may be 'kodesh', as it often [in a hidden manner] may be referring to God and not to Achashverosh.

                Even Haman's petition to Achashverosh to destroy Am Yisrael may echo a similar complaint that God may have against His own nation:

"There is a certain nation scattered among the nations whose laws are different than any other nation, but the laws of the King they do not keep, and it is not worthwhile for the King to leave them be" (3:8).

 

                In a certain way, Haman's accusation is similar to God's threat in Shirat Ha'azinu to destroy am Yisrael for not keeping His laws (32:26).  After all, what purpose is there for God to keep His people if they refuse to obey Him and fulfill their divine goal?

 

                Even though these first two examples may appear a bit 'stretched', a more convincing textual proof is found in the parallel between Achashverosh's palace and the bet mikdash.  This parallel is significant for it reflects the fact the Bnei Yisrael had neglected the bet ha-mikdash in Yerushalayim, preferring instead to be dependent on the palace of Achashverosh.  We begin by comparing the overall structure of each:

 

KODESH KODASHIM - CHATZER PNIMIT

                The Megilla refers to the most inner chamber of the king's palace as the 'chatzer ha‑pnimit' (5:1), where entry to anyone is forbidden under threat of death - unless called to enter (as Esther feared in 4:11).  Here we find an obvious parallel to the kodesh ha-kodashim in the mikdash (Purim - kippurim!).

 

KODESH - CHATZER CHITZONA

                The 'waiting area' outside the inner chamber is called the 'chatzer ha-chitzona' (6:4).  Here 'ro'ei pnei ha-melech' (1:14) like Haman himself are allowed to enter freely.  This is parallel to the kodesh where kohanim are permitted to enter.

                                [See description of the Temple in Yechezkel 40:18‑19.]

 

AZARA - SHA'AR BET HA-MELECH

                In front of the palace is 'sha'ar bet ha-melech' where people like Mordechai are permitted to stand (2:18,21).  However, here one must dress properly ('aveilut' is not permitted), therefore he cannot be there dressed in sackcloth (see 4:2!).  This area is parallel to the azara in the mikdash.

 

YERUSHALAYIM - REHOV HA-IR SHUSHAN

                This is the area 'lifnei sha'ar ha-melech' (4:2) or 'rechov ha-ir' (4:6) where Mordechai can dress in sackcloth.  This is parallel to the city of Yerushalayim surrounding the mikdash.

 

                This parallel is strengthened by the Megilla's use of the word bira to describe Shushan.  As we explained in our introduction, in Divrei Ha-yamim, the only other time in Tanach prior to Megillat Esther where this word is mentioned, bira describes specifically the bet ha-mikdash, and in the context of its purpose to serve as a national center and symbol of God's Name.  [See DH I 29:1 & 19, you should read from 29:1-25 to see the context.  (You'll find there a familiar passage from davening, which maybe you will now understand a little better.)]

[See also Masechet Middot I:9, where the Mishna refers to the bet ha-mikdash as the bira.]

 

                Other parallels to mikdash are found in the use of key words such as 'yekar ve‑tif'eret' (1:4); 'tekhelet, butz, ve‑argaman' (1:6) in the Megilla's description of the king's party.

[Based on these psukim, the gemara (Megilla 12a) claims that Achashverosh donned the 'bigdei kohen gadol' at his party!]

 

                Even the 6‑month party followed by a seven-day special celebration may parallel the six months that it took to build the mishkan (from Yom Kippur till Rosh Chodesh Nissan) followed by the seven-day 'milu'im' ceremony.  Likewise, Chazal explain, 've‑keilim mi‑keilim shonim' (1:7) as referring to the vessels of the bet ha‑mikdash.

                Chazal even suggest that Haman's decree may have been Am Yisrael's punishment for drinking from these keilim or alternately for their participation in and enjoyment of the royal party (see Megilla 12a).

[Note that according to pshat, the keilim had returned with Sheshbatzar during the time of Koresh (see Ezra 1:7-8).  However, the Midrash emphasizes the thematic connection between the party and Bnei Yisrael's lack of enthusiasm to build the mikdash.]

 

                Hence we can conclude that the Megilla's satire suggests that during this time period Am Yisrael had replaced:

 *              God with Achashverosh;

 *              God's Temple with Achashverosh's palace; and

 *              Yerushalayim ha‑bira with Shushan ha‑bira! ['ve-nahafoch hu']

 

70 DAYS / 70 YEARS

                Another seemingly unimportant detail in the Megilla concerning when the two decrees were sent might also allude to this prophetic backdrop.

                Recall that the original decree calling for the destruction of the Jews was sent out on the 13th day of Nisan (3:12).  Several days later Haman was hanged and Esther pleaded from the king to repeal this decree (8:3‑6).  Achashverosh agreed; however, the actual letters were not sent out until the 23rd of Sivan - some two months later (8:9)!  What took so long?

                By carefully comparing these two dates, we again find an amazing reminder of Yirmiyahu's prophecy of the seventy years.  Between the 13th of Nisan until the 23rd of Sivan - 70 days elapsed (17+30+23).  During these seventy days, all of the Jews throughout the Persian empire were under the tremendous peril of impending destruction, thinking that their doom was inevitable.  Could this be an ironic reminder to the Jewish people that they had not heeded Yirmiyahu's prophecy of what he expected from Bnei Yisrael once the seventy years had expired (see 29:10-14!)?

 

                A similar concept of suffering for a sin, a day for a year (and vice versa), is found twice in Tanach in related circumstances.  After the sin of the 'meraglim', the forty days are replaced by the punishment of forty years of wandering.  Here, too, the nation opted not to fulfill their divine destiny, preferring a return to Egypt to the conquest of Eretz Yisrael.  Yechezkel, too, is required to suffer 'a day for each year.'

[For 390 days followed by an additional 40 days, he must lie on his side and repent for the sins of Israel and Yehuda that led to the destruction of Yerushalayim (Yechezkel 4:1‑14!)].

 

                A similar claim is made by the Midrash which suggests that Achashverosh threw his 180 day party in celebration of the fact that Yirmiyahu's seventy years were over and the bet ha‑mikdash was not rebuilt.  In pshat, this explanation is unreasonable.  Why should the most powerful king of civilization worry about the prophecies of Yirmiyahu, while the Jews themselves do not listen to him?

However, on the level of drash, this explanation is enlightening.  Chazal, in the spirit of the Megilla ‑ 've‑nahafoch hu' - put into Achashverosh's mind what should have been in the mind of Am Yisrael, i.e. the fulfillment of Yirmiyahu's prophecy of seventy years and the desire to return.

 

PESACH AND PURIM

                Based on our understanding thus far, it is also understandable why Israel's salvation from Haman's decree comes only after Am Yisrael collectively accept a three day fast.  This fast takes place on the 15,16, & 17th of Nisan.  Interestingly enough, the events that led to the repeal of Haman's decree take place 'davka' during the holiday of Pesach - the holiday on which we celebrate our freedom from subjugation to a foreign nation and the beginning of our journey to the Promised Land.

 

 

PART IV -  WHY SATIRE?

                We have shown that the Megilla is laced with allusions to the fact that Am Yisrael does not answer its divine call during the Persian time period.  But the question remains, why is this message only hinted at but not explicitly stated by Chazal?  Most probably for the same reason that it is not explicit in the Megilla. 

This is the power of satire.  In order to strengthen the message, a powerful point is not explicitly stated, but only alluded to.  The direct approach used by the other 48 nevi'im of Tanach had not been very successful.

[See Masechet Megilla 14a (top) - "gedola hasarat ha‑taba'at shel Haman yoter mi‑48 nevi'im..."!]

 

                One could suggest that Anshei Knesset Ha‑gdola, in their decision to write (see Bava Batra 15a] (and later canonize) Megillat Esther, had hoped that a satirical message would be more powerful than a direct one.  Hence, Midrashim of Chazal that comment on the Megilla may follow a similar approach.

[Note how the prophet Natan's message to David ha-melech in regard to his sin with Bat-sheva was much more powerful because he used the 'mashal' of kivsat ha-rash" (see II Shmuel 12:1-7!).]

 

PART V - THE MINHAGIM  OF PURIM

                Up until this point we have explained how the satire in the Megilla may reflect a prophetic censure of Am Yisrael in Bavel for not returning to Yerushalayim when the opportunity arose during the time of Koresh.  However, if our assumptions are indeed correct, then we would expect the outcome of the Megilla, or at least the celebration of Purim for future generations to reflect this theme.

                Instead, we don't find any 'mass aliya' movement after our salvation.  Nor does the celebration of Purim (with 'mishteh' and sending 'mishloach manot') appear to reflect this theme in any manner.

                However, with a 'little help' from the prophecies of Zecharya, we can suggest an answer for these questions as well.  To do so, we must first identify who the specific Persian King Achashverosh was.

 

SOME MORE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

                The topic of the history of the Persian time period is very complicated and the subject of a major controversy between most Midrashei Chazal and the historians (& a minority opinion in Chazal).  To explain this controversy is beyond the scope of this shiur, instead we will simply present the two conflicting opinions concerning when Achashverosh reigned.

 

                According to Seder Olam (and hence the majority opinion in Chazal), Achashverosh was the Persian King immediately after Koresh, but before Daryavesh, and thus the story of the Megilla takes place after 'shivat tzion' (the return to Zion during the time of Koresh) but before the second bet ha-mikdash is actually built.

                According to this opinion, the events of the Megilla had a tremendous affect on the situation in Yerushalayim.  Only two years after the story of Megilla, King Darius, son of Esther gives the Jews permission to return and build the Second Temple.  Construction began during the second year of Darius (= Daryavesh).

                The events of the Megilla also appear to have catalyzed a major aliya movement.  According to Chazal, Ezra's aliya from Bavel took place only a few years afterward, during the seventh year of his reign of Daryavesh (who Chazal identify with Artachshasta / see Ezra 7:1-9).

                Thus, according to Seder Olam's opinion, the events of the Megilla indeed had a major effect on the rebuilding of the Temple and shivat tzion - the return to Zion.

 

                According to most historians (and a minority opinion in Chazal / see Tirgum ha-shiv'im & Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer chapter 49), Achashverosh was the Persian king who succeeded Darius (486 - 465 BCE), and thus the story of the Megilla takes place some forty years after the second Temple was built, and thus after Chagai & Zecharya's plea to return and fulfill the potential of Bayit Sheni.  [Its construction began in 521 BCE / in the second year of Darius the Great; hence the story in the Megilla takes place in 474 BCE.]

                According to this opinion, no major event takes place immediately after the events in the Megilla.  In fact, over two decades pass before a new wave of olim come with Ezra and Nechemya to help strengthen the city of Yerushalayim.  [The historians identify Artachshasta with Artexerxes, not the same king as Darius.]

                If our assumption concerning the satire of the Megilla is correct, why don't we find a mass aliya movement immediately after the miracle of Purim.  [Jews of the twentieth century could ask themselves a similar question!]

 

                Furthermore, according to either opinion, shouldn't the manner by which we celebrate Purim relate to this theme and satire?

                Finally, why is it necessary to celebrate Purim for all generations?  Purim is not the only time in our history when Bnei Yisrael are saved from terrible enemies.  Chazal go even one step further.  They claim that Purim will be the only holiday kept at the time of the final redemption!  (See Rambam Hilchot Megilla, Esther 9:28 and commentaries).

 

THE MEGILLA AND SEFER ZECHARYA

                If we follow the opinion of the 'historians' in regard to the time period of Megillat Esther, then the prophecies of Zecharya concerning the potential of Bayit Sheni precede the story in the Megilla.  If so, then we posit that numerous textual parallels between the Megilla and Sefer Zecharya are intentional.  In other words, when 'anshei knesset ha-gedola' wrote Megillat Esther (most likely during the time period of Ezra / see Bava Batra 15a), they assumed that anyone reading the Megilla was familiar with Sefer Zecharya, and hence would understand the implicit meaning of these parallels.

                We will now show how the Megilla may suggest that Am Yisrael's predicament during the time period of Achashverosh was caused because of Zecharya's prophecies (a generation earlier) were not taken seriously!  To appreciate this message, we must study Zecharya chapters 7‑>8.

 

                For a background, review the first six chapters of Sefer Zecharya, noting how they focus on one primary theme ‑ the return of the Shchina to Yerushalayim.  However, Zecharya warns numerous times that the Shchina's return will be a function of Am Yisrael's covenantal commitment (see 6:15).  Redemption is indeed possible; however, Zecharya insists that the 'spiritual' return of Am Yisrael was no less important than their physical return:

                "Shuvu eilai.. ve‑ashuva aleichem" (1:3, see also 8:7-8).

[It is highly suggested that you read at least the first two chapters of Zecharya (note 'hadassim' and 'ish rochev al sus' in chapter 1, and 'prazot teshev Yerushalayim' in chapter 2) and then chapters 7-8 before continuing.]

 

SHOULD WE FAST ON TISHA BE-AV?

                According to Chagai 2:18, construction of the Temple began on this same year, i.e. during the second year of Daryavesh.  Zecharya chapter seven opens two years later when an official delegation from Bavel arrives in Jerusalem to ask Zecharya a very fundamental question:

"Ha‑evkeh be‑chodesh ha‑chamishi?"  Should we continue to fast in the 5th month (i.e. the fast of Tisha Be-av)?  (see 7:3)

 

                The question appears to be quite legitimate.  After all, now that the Temple is rebuilt, there no longer appears to be a need to fast.   However, Zecharya's lengthy and official reply (7:4‑8:23) to this question contains an eternal message that relates to the very nature of the ideal redemption process.

                In Zecharya 7:4-7, God appears to be quite disturbed by the people's question regarding the need to fast.  Instead of showing their interest in the greater picture of the redemption process, the people seem only to be interested in whether or not they have to fast.  In the eyes of the prophet, their question reflected a general attitude problem in regard to the entire redemption process.

                God's answer implies that the fast of Tisha Be-av is not a divine commandment - rather it was a 'minhag' instituted by Chazal to remember not only the Temple's destruction, but also the reason why the churban took place (see 7:5-6).  Thus, God explains, feasting or fasting is man's decision, while God is interested in something much more basic - that Bnei Yisrael keep the mitzvot which they had neglected during the first Temple period (see 7:5-14).

                Zecharya continues his answer with two chapters of 'musar' (rebuke) in which he emphasizes the most basic mitzvot that Bnei Yisrael must keep in order for the Shchina to return:

"EMET u‑mishpat shalom shiftu be‑sha'areichem, ve‑chesed ve‑rachamim asu ish et achiv.  Almana, ve‑yatom ve‑ani al ta'ashoku..." (7:8‑10).

- Truth, social justice, helping the poor and needy, and thinking kindly of one's neighbor, etc.

 

                God is anxious for His Shchina to return, but in order for that to happen, Yerushalayim must first become a city characterized by truth (8:1‑3).  God foresees the return the exiles from lands in the east and west.  With their return, God and His nation will become once again covenantal partners, through "emet & tzedaka" (see 8:7‑8).

                Finally, after many words of encouragement and repeated 'musar' (see 8:11‑17), God finally answers the original question concerning the fast days.  Should Am Yisrael return to Israel and keep "emet ve‑shalom, the four fast days commemorating the destruction of Yerushalayim will become holidays:

"tzom ha-rvii, v'tzom ha'chamishi... [The four fast days] will be instead for Yehuda days of celebration... [on the condition that] they will love emet & shalom" (see 8:18‑19 / note parallel to Megilla 9:30-31!)

 

                After two chapters of rebuke, Zecharya finally answers the people's original question.  Should Bnei Yisrael indeed show their devotion to God, i.e. if they practice 'emet u‑mishpat shalom', then the fast days, the days of crying for Jerusalem, will become holidays instead.

                Should Bnei Yisrael indeed love keeping emet & shalom (these two words simply summarize the primary points raised by Zecharya in this perek), then the redemption process will be complete. 

 

ISH YEHUDI

                Zecharya concludes this prophecy with his vision of numerous people from many great nations will one day come to Yerushalayim in search of God.  They will gather around the ish yehudi, asking for his guidance, for they will have heard that God is with His people (8:20‑23).

                Had Am Yisrael heeded this prophetic call in the time of Koresh and Daryavesh, then they would not have been scattered among 127 provinces during the time of Achashverosh.  One could suggest that instead of celebrating with the Persians at the party in Shushan, the Jews could (& should) have been celebrating with God at His bet ha-mikdash in Yerushalayim.

                The ish yehudi would have been in the bira in Yerushalayim, making God's Name known to other nations; instead, the Megilla opens as an ish yehudi is found in the bira of Achashverosh in Shushan, ironically carrying the name of foreign god.

[One could also suggest that Mordechai's institution of the yearly celebration of Purim relates specifically to this prophecy.  First of all, note how this day is described as one that turns around from 'yagon' to 'simcha', from 'mourning to holiday' (see Esther 9:22).  Purim may symbolize the manner in which the fast days for Jerusalem will one day become holidays.]

 

                This parallel to Zecharya could explain the reason for the special mitzvot that Mordechai instituted for Purim in his first letter (see 9:20-22).  They reflect Zecharya's repeated message of helping the needy (matanot le‑evyonim/ note 7:10) and thinking nicely of one's neighbors (mishloach manot ish le‑re'eihu / note 8:16-17!).  Once a year we must remind ourselves of the most basic mitzvot that we must keep in order that we become worthy of returning to Yerushalayim and rebuilding the Bet ha'mikdash.

 

                Certain halachot instituted by Chazal may reflect this message.  Interestingly, Shushan Purim is replaced with Yerushalayim Purim for the walled cities from the time of Yehoshua bin Nun replace the walled city of Shushan!  [See Yehoshua 21:42 and its context, compare to Esther 9:2.]

 

SHALOM VE-EMET

                Although this explanation for certain minhagim of Purim may seem a bit 'stretched', textual proof is found in the closing psukim of the Megilla (9:29‑32 / read it carefully!).

                Mordechai and Esther need to send out a second 'igeret' (letter) explaining and giving authority ('tokef') to the minhagim of Purim explained in the first igeret.  What was the content of this special second letter?  To our surprise, one short phrase:

                "Divrei shalom ve‑emet"!  [See 9:30, read carefully.]

 

                These two key words point us directly back to Zecharya's prophecy about the fast days becoming holidays (read Zecharya 8:18-19 again)!  They explain not only when, but also why the fast days will become holidays - i.e. if Bnei Yisrael keep shalom and emet!  The second igeret may simply be an explanation of the purpose of the minhagim of Purim ‑ Mordechai and Esther use this letter to explain to Am Yisrael why Purim has been established - a yearly reminder of the prophecies of Zecharya which remain unfulfilled.

 

                The continuation of this igeret strengthens this interpretation.  Under what authority (tokef) does Mordechai institute these halachot?

"Ka'asher kiymu al nafsham divrei ha‑tzomot ve‑za'akatam" (9:31)  [Compare these psukim carefully to Zecharya 8:18‑19.]

 

                Recall, God had told Zecharya that fast days and feast days are up to man to decide.  Now, according to the second igeret, just like ('ka'asher') the prophets instituted four fast days in order that we remember Yerushalayim, Mordechai institutes a 'feast day' to remember Yerushalayim.

[Note that this pasuk cannot be referring to our Ta'anit Esther, for if it refers to the three day fast, that fast was a one time event and was not "al nafsham ve-al zar'am".  Likewise, it cannot be the fast of the 13th of Adar, as that custom only began during the time period of the Ge'onim.  Therefore, it must refer to the four fast days on Jerusalem.]

 

                So why didn't everyone return immediately afterward to Israel?

                Most probably, after the events of the Megilla, a mass return to Yerushalayim was not realistic.  Nonetheless, Mordechai wanted to institute a holiday that would remind Am Yisrael that should such an opportunity arise (once again), that they will know how to relate to it properly.  Sefer Zecharya and its theme of shalom ve-emet serve as the spiritual guide.

[This interpretation may help explain why the celebration of Purim will remain even after our final redemption.]

 

                 Purim, therefore, has deep meaning for all generations.  Its message may have been 'hiding' behind the costumes, the drinking ("ad de‑lo yada"), the 'purim Torah', and 'shalach mannos'.  It may have been lost within our ignorance of Tanach.  Its message, however, remains eternal, just as our aspirations for Yerushalayim and the establishment therein of a just society - remain eternal.

 

purim sameiach,

menachem

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